/* Copyright 2002-2025 CS GROUP
    * Licensed to CS GROUP (CS) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * CS licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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   */
  package org.orekit.ssa.collision.shorttermencounter.probability.twod;
  
  import org.hipparchus.Field;
  import org.hipparchus.analysis.differentiation.DSFactory;
  import org.hipparchus.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure;
  import org.hipparchus.analysis.integration.FieldTrapezoidIntegrator;
  import org.hipparchus.analysis.integration.TrapezoidIntegrator;
  import org.hipparchus.linear.FieldMatrix;
  import org.hipparchus.linear.RealMatrix;
  import org.hipparchus.util.Binary64;
  import org.hipparchus.util.Binary64Field;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
  import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
  import org.orekit.Utils;
  import org.orekit.data.DataSource;
  import org.orekit.files.ccsds.ndm.ParserBuilder;
  import org.orekit.files.ccsds.ndm.cdm.Cdm;
  import org.orekit.frames.Frame;
  import org.orekit.frames.FramesFactory;
  import org.orekit.frames.LOFType;
  import org.orekit.orbits.CartesianOrbit;
  import org.orekit.orbits.FieldCartesianOrbit;
  import org.orekit.orbits.FieldOrbit;
  import org.orekit.orbits.Orbit;
  import org.orekit.propagation.FieldStateCovariance;
  import org.orekit.propagation.StateCovariance;
  import org.orekit.ssa.collision.shorttermencounter.probability.twod.armellinutils.ArmellinDataLoader;
  import org.orekit.ssa.collision.shorttermencounter.probability.twod.armellinutils.ArmellinDataRow;
  import org.orekit.ssa.metrics.FieldProbabilityOfCollision;
  import org.orekit.ssa.metrics.ProbabilityOfCollision;
  import org.orekit.time.AbsoluteDate;
  import org.orekit.time.FieldAbsoluteDate;
  import org.orekit.utils.Constants;
  import org.orekit.utils.FieldPVCoordinates;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.util.List;
  
  class Patera2005Test {
  
      /** Patera method (2005) to compute probability of collision. */
      private final ShortTermEncounter2DPOCMethod method = new Patera2005();
  
      @BeforeAll
      static void initializeOrekitData() {
          Utils.setDataRoot("regular-data");
      }
  
      @Test
      @DisplayName("Chan test case 01")
      void ChanTestCase01() {
          // GIVEN
          final double xm     = 0;
          final double ym     = 10;
          final double sigmaX = 25;
          final double sigmaY = 50;
          final double radius = 5;
  
          // WHEN
          final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
  
          // THEN
          Assertions.assertEquals(9.741e-3, result.getValue(), 1e-6);
      }
  
      @Test
      @DisplayName("Chan test case 02")
      void ChanTestCase02() {
          // GIVEN
          final double xm     = 10;
          final double ym     = 0;
          final double sigmaX = 25;
          final double sigmaY = 50;
          final double radius = 5;
  
          // WHEN
          final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
  
          // THEN
          Assertions.assertEquals(9.181e-3, result.getValue(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 03")
     void ChanTestCase03() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 0;
         final double ym     = 10;
         final double sigmaX = 25;
         final double sigmaY = 75;
         final double radius = 5;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.571e-3, result.getValue(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 04")
     void ChanTestCase04() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 10;
         final double ym     = 0;
         final double sigmaX = 25;
         final double sigmaY = 75;
         final double radius = 5;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.125e-3, result.getValue(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 05")
     void ChanTestCase05() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 0;
         final double ym     = 1000;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.577e-5, result.getValue(), 1e-8);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 06")
     void ChanTestCase06() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 1000;
         final double ym     = 0;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.011e-5, result.getValue(), 1e-8);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 07")
     void ChanTestCase07() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 0;
         final double ym     = 10000;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.443e-8, result.getValue(), 1e-11);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 08")
     void ChanTestCase08() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 10000;
         final double ym     = 0;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(3.219e-27, result.getValue(), 1e-30);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 09")
     void ChanTestCase09() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 0;
         final double ym     = 10000;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 10000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(3.033e-6, result.getValue(), 1e-9);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 10")
     void ChanTestCase10() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 10000;
         final double ym     = 0;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 10000;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(9.656e-28, result.getValue(), 1e-31);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 11")
     void ChanTestCase11() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 0;
         final double ym     = 5000;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 50;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.039e-4, result.getValue(), 1e-7);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 12")
     void ChanTestCase12() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 5000;
         final double ym     = 0;
         final double sigmaX = 1000;
         final double sigmaY = 3000;
         final double radius = 50;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.564e-9, result.getValue(), 1e-12);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 1")
     void CsmTestCase1() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 84.875546;
         final double ym     = 60.583685;
         final double sigmaX = 57.918666;
         final double sigmaY = 152.8814468;
         final double radius = 10.3;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.9002e-3, result.getValue(), 1e-7);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 2")
     void CsmTestCase2() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = -81.618369;
         final double ym     = 115.055899;
         final double sigmaX = 15.988242;
         final double sigmaY = 5756.840725;
         final double radius = 1.3;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(2.0553e-11, result.getValue(), 1e-15);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 3")
     void CsmTestCase3() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = 102.177247;
         final double ym     = 693.405893;
         final double sigmaX = 94.230921;
         final double sigmaY = 643.409272;
         final double radius = 5.3;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(7.2003e-5, result.getValue(), 1e-9);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CDM test case 1")
     void CdmTestCase1() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = -752.672701;
         final double ym     = 644.939441;
         final double sigmaX = 445.859950;
         final double sigmaY = 6095.858688;
         final double radius = 3.5;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(5.3904e-7, result.getValue(), 1e-11);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CDM test case 2")
     void CdmTestCase2() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = -692.362272;
         final double ym     = 4475.456261;
         final double sigmaX = 193.454603;
         final double sigmaY = 562.027293;
         final double radius = 13.2;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(2.2795e-20, result.getValue(), 1e-24);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 3")
     void AlfanoTestCase3() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = -3.8872073;
         final double ym     = 0.1591646;
         final double sigmaX = 1.4101830;
         final double sigmaY = 114.2585190;
         final double radius = 15;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.0038e-1, result.getValue(), 1e-5);
     }
 
     @Disabled("Alfano test case 5 (Patera2005 method) : This test is numerically unstable and is ignored as it doesn't " +
             "use realistic values. More info about this case in Romain SERRA thesis : \"Romain Serra. Opérations de proximité en orbite :\n"
             + " * évaluation du risque de collision et calcul de manoeuvres optimales pour l’évitement et le rendez-vous. Automatique /\n"
             + " * Robotique. INSA de Toulouse, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015ISAT0035. tel-01261497\"")
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 5")
     void AlfanoTestCase5() {
         // GIVEN
         final double xm     = -1.2217895;
         final double ym     = 2.1230067;
         final double sigmaX = 0.0373279;
         final double sigmaY = 177.8109003;
         final double radius = 10;
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(4.4509e-2, result.getValue(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName(
             "Test Patera2005 special function on Roberto Armellin slightly modified case 210 in his data available here :" +
                     " github.com/arma1978/conjunction. The goal is to have a case where combined radius = miss distance and"
                     +
                     " case 210 was already very close." +
                     " We expect to find a probability very similar to what is GIVEN in his data")
     void testReturnValueCloseToUnmodifiedCase210() throws IOException {
         // GIVEN
         final int                           rowIndex = 209;
         final List<ArmellinDataRow>         rows     = ArmellinDataLoader.load();
         final ShortTermEncounter2DPOCMethod patera   = new Patera2005();
 
         final Frame        frame = FramesFactory.getGCRF();
         final AbsoluteDate date  = new AbsoluteDate();
         final double       mu    = Constants.IERS2010_EARTH_MU;
 
         // We force the combined radius to be equal to the miss distance (divide by two and change km to m)
         final double halfCombinedRadius = rows.get(rowIndex).getMissDistance() * 500;
 
         final Orbit primary = new CartesianOrbit(rows.get(rowIndex).getPrimaryPVCoordinates(),
                 frame, date, mu);
         final RealMatrix primaryCovarianceMatrix = rows.get(rowIndex).getPrimaryCovarianceMatrixInPrimaryRTN();
         final StateCovariance primaryCovariance =
                 new StateCovariance(primaryCovarianceMatrix, date, LOFType.QSW_INERTIAL);
 
         final Orbit secondary = new CartesianOrbit(
                 rows.get(rowIndex).getSecondaryPVCoordinates(), frame, date, mu);
         final RealMatrix secondaryCovarianceMatrix = rows.get(rowIndex)
                 .getSecondaryCovarianceMatrixInSecondaryRTN();
         final StateCovariance secondaryCovariance = new StateCovariance(secondaryCovarianceMatrix, date,
                 LOFType.QSW_INERTIAL);
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision pateraResult =
                 patera.compute(primary, primaryCovariance, halfCombinedRadius, secondary, secondaryCovariance,
                         halfCombinedRadius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(0.0012768565223002992, pateraResult.getValue(), 1e-19);
 
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName(
             "Test probability from a real CDM. It has been mentioned in https://forum.orekit.org/t/collision-package-in-development/2638/16"
                     + " and define an expected probability of collision of 0.004450713 which is higher than the value found using"
                     + " the methods provided in this ssa package because the CSpOC use the projection of a square containing the"
                     + " collision disk instead of the collision disk directly. Hence an overestimation of the probability of"
                     + " collision. This test serves as a non regression test")
     void testComputeProbabilityFromACdm() {
 
         // GIVEN
         final String     cdmPath = "/ccsds/cdm/ION_SCV8_vs_STARLINK_1233.txt";
         final DataSource data    = new DataSource(cdmPath, () -> getClass().getResourceAsStream(cdmPath));
         final Cdm        cdm     = new ParserBuilder().buildCdmParser().parseMessage(data);
 
         // Radii taken from comments in the conjunction data message
         final double primaryRadius   = 5;
         final double secondaryRadius = 5;
 
         final AbstractShortTermEncounter1DNumerical2DPOCMethod customMethod = new Patera2005();
 
         // WHEN
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = customMethod.compute(cdm, primaryRadius, secondaryRadius,
                 new TrapezoidIntegrator(), 50, 1e-15);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(0.003496517644384083, result.getValue(), 1e-18);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 01 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase01Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(10);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(25);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(50);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(5);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(9.741e-3, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 02 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase02Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(10);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(25);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(50);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(5);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(9.181e-3, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 03 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase03Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(10);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(25);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(75);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(5);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.571e-3, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 04 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase04Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(10);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(25);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(75);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(5);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.125e-3, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 05 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase05Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.577e-5, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-8);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 06 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase06Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.011e-5, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-8);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 07 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase07Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.443e-8, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-11);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 08 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase08Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(3.219e-27, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-30);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 09 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase09Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(3.033e-6, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-9);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 10 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase10Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(10000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(9.656e-28, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-31);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 11 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase11Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(5000);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(50);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.039e-4, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-7);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Chan test case 12 Field version")
     void ChanTestCase12Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(5000);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1000);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(3000);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(50);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.564e-9, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-12);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 1 Field version")
     void CsmTestCase1Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(84.875546);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(60.583685);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(57.918666);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(152.8814468);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10.3);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.9002e-3, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-7);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 2 Field version")
     void CsmTestCase2Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(-81.618369);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(115.055899);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(15.988242);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(5756.840725);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(1.3);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(2.0553e-11, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-15);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CSM test case 3 Field version")
     void CsmTestCase3Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(102.177247);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(693.405893);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(94.230921);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(643.409272);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(5.3);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(7.2003e-5, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-9);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CDM test case 1 Field version")
     void CdmTestCase1Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(-752.672701);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(644.939441);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(445.859950);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(6095.858688);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(3.5);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(5.3904e-7, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-11);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("CDM test case 2 Field version")
     void CdmTestCase2Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(-692.362272);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(4475.456261);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(193.454603);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(562.027293);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(13.2);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(2.2795e-20, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-24);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 3 Field version")
     void AlfanoTestCase3Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(-3.8872073);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(0.1591646);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(1.4101830);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(114.2585190);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(15);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(1.0038e-1, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-5);
     }
 
     @Disabled(
             "Alfano test case 5 (field version) (Patera2005 method) : This test is numerically unstable and is ignored as it doesn't "
                     +
                     "use realistic values. More info about this case in Romain SERRA thesis : \"Romain Serra. Opérations de proximité en orbite :\n"
                     + " * évaluation du risque de collision et calcul de manoeuvres optimales pour l’évitement et le rendez-vous. Automatique /\n"
                     + " * Robotique. INSA de Toulouse, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015ISAT0035. tel-01261497\"")
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 5 Field version")
     void AlfanoTestCase5Field() {
         // GIVEN
         final Binary64 xm     = new Binary64(-1.2217895);
         final Binary64 ym     = new Binary64(2.1230067);
         final Binary64 sigmaX = new Binary64(0.0373279);
         final Binary64 sigmaY = new Binary64(177.8109003);
         final Binary64 radius = new Binary64(10);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(4.4509e-2, result.getValue().getReal(), 1e-6);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Test impact on the probability of collision of a slight difference in combined radius in Chan test case 4")
     void testReturnExpectedValueWhenIntroducingSmallChangeOnCombinedRadius() {
         // GIVEN
         final DSFactory factory = new DSFactory(1, 10);
 
         final double xmNominal     = 10;
         final double ymNominal     = 0;
         final double sigmaXNominal = 25;
         final double sigmaYNominal = 75;
         final double radiusNominal = 5;
         final double dRadius       = 2.5;
 
         final DerivativeStructure xm     = factory.constant(xmNominal);
         final DerivativeStructure ym     = factory.constant(ymNominal);
         final DerivativeStructure sigmaX = factory.constant(sigmaXNominal);
         final DerivativeStructure sigmaY = factory.constant(sigmaYNominal);
         final DerivativeStructure radius = factory.variable(0, radiusNominal);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<DerivativeStructure> resultNominal =
                 method.compute(xm, ym, sigmaX, sigmaY, radius);
         final double taylorResult = resultNominal.getValue().taylor(dRadius);
         final double exactResult =
                 method.compute(xmNominal, ymNominal, sigmaXNominal, sigmaYNominal, radiusNominal + dRadius).getValue();
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(6.1e-3, resultNominal.getValue().getReal(), 1e-4);
         Assertions.assertEquals(exactResult, taylorResult, 1e-16);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName(
             "Test Patera2005 special function on Roberto Armellin slightly modified case 210 in his data available here :" +
                     " github.com/arma1978/conjunction. The goal is to have a case where combined radius = miss distance and"
                     +
                     " case 210 was already very close." +
                     " We expect to find a probability very similar to what is GIVEN in his data")
     void testReturnValueCloseToUnmodifiedCase210Field() throws IOException {
         // GIVEN
         final int                           rowIndex = 209;
         final List<ArmellinDataRow>         rows     = ArmellinDataLoader.load();
         final ShortTermEncounter2DPOCMethod patera   = new Patera2005();
 
         final Field<Binary64>             field = Binary64Field.getInstance();
         final Frame                       frame = FramesFactory.getGCRF();
         final FieldAbsoluteDate<Binary64> date  = new FieldAbsoluteDate<>(field);
         final Binary64                    mu    = new Binary64(Constants.IERS2010_EARTH_MU);
 
         // We force the combined radius to be equal to the miss distance (divide by two and change km to m)
         final Binary64 halfCombinedRadius = new Binary64(rows.get(rowIndex).getMissDistance() * 500);
 
         // Primary
         final FieldOrbit<Binary64> primary =
                 new FieldCartesianOrbit<>(new FieldPVCoordinates<>(field, rows.get(rowIndex).getPrimaryPVCoordinates()),
                         frame, date, mu);
         final FieldMatrix<Binary64> primaryCovarianceMatrix =
                 rows.get(rowIndex).getPrimaryFieldCovarianceMatrixInPrimaryRTN();
         final FieldStateCovariance<Binary64> primaryCovariance =
                 new FieldStateCovariance<>(primaryCovarianceMatrix, date, LOFType.QSW_INERTIAL);
 
         // Secondary
         final FieldOrbit<Binary64> secondary = new FieldCartesianOrbit<>(
                 new FieldPVCoordinates<>(field, rows.get(rowIndex).getSecondaryPVCoordinates()), frame, date, mu);
         final FieldMatrix<Binary64> secondaryCovarianceMatrix =
                 rows.get(rowIndex).getSecondaryFieldCovarianceMatrixInPrimaryRTN();
         final FieldStateCovariance<Binary64> secondaryCovariance =
                 new FieldStateCovariance<>(secondaryCovarianceMatrix, date, LOFType.QSW_INERTIAL);
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> pateraResult =
                 patera.compute(primary, primaryCovariance, halfCombinedRadius, secondary, secondaryCovariance,
                         halfCombinedRadius);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(0.0012768565222964375, pateraResult.getValue().getReal(), 1e-19);
 
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Test probability from a custom CDM. Initial frame is in ITRF so it has been " +
             "modified to GCRF. Hence we do not expect to find the same probability of collision as the one in the CDM." +
             "This is a non regression test." +
             "There is a negligible difference with the non field version because the combined covariance matrix is not " +
             "diagonalized using the same method")
     void testComputeProbabilityFromACdmField() {
 
         // GIVEN
         final String     cdmPath = "/ccsds/cdm/ION_SCV8_vs_STARLINK_1233.txt";
         final DataSource data    = new DataSource(cdmPath, () -> getClass().getResourceAsStream(cdmPath));
         final Cdm        cdm     = new ParserBuilder().buildCdmParser().parseMessage(data);
 
         final Field<Binary64> field = Binary64Field.getInstance();
 
         // Radii taken from comments in the conjunction data message
         final Binary64 primaryRadius   = new Binary64(5);
         final Binary64 secondaryRadius = new Binary64(5);
 
         final AbstractShortTermEncounter1DNumerical2DPOCMethod customMethod = new Patera2005();
 
         // WHEN
         final FieldProbabilityOfCollision<Binary64> result = customMethod.compute(cdm, primaryRadius, secondaryRadius,
                 new FieldTrapezoidIntegrator<>(field),
                 55,
                 1e-15);
 
         // THEN
         Assertions.assertEquals(0.0034965176443840836, result.getValue().getReal(), 2e-18);
     }
 
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 1 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase01() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase01.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 15.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.146749549;
         final double tolerance = 1e-6;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 2 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase02() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase02.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 4.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.006222267;
         final double tolerance = 1e-6;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 3 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase03() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase03.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 15.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.100351176;
         final double tolerance = 1e-6;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 4 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase04() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase04.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 15.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.049323406;
         final double tolerance = 1e-5;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 5 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase05() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase05.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 10.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.044487386;
         final double tolerance = 1e-5;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 6 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase06() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase06.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 10.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.004335455;
         final double tolerance = 1e-8;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 7 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase07() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase07.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 10.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.000158147;
         final double tolerance = 1e-9;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 8 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase08() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase08.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 4.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.036948008;
         final double tolerance = 1e-5;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 9 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase09() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase09.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 6.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.290146291;
         final double tolerance = 2e-5;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     // Alfano test case 10 is a duplicate of test 9 in the NASA CARA unit tests.
 
     @Test
     @DisplayName("Alfano test case 11 (CDM) from NASA CARA")
     void AlfanoCDMTestCase11() {
         // Inputs from NASA CARA
         String cdmName = "AlfanoTestCase11.cdm";
         final double combinedHbr = 4.;
 
         // Excepted outcome
         final double expectedPc = 0.002672026;
         final double tolerance = 1e-7;
 
         computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(cdmName, combinedHbr, expectedPc, tolerance);
     }
 
     private void computeAndCheckCollisionProbability(
             final String cdmName,
             final double combinedHbr,
             final double expected,
             final double tolerance) {
 
         // Given
         final String     cdmPath = "/ccsds/cdm/" + cdmName;
         final DataSource data    = new DataSource(cdmPath, () -> getClass().getResourceAsStream(cdmPath));
         final Cdm        cdm     = new ParserBuilder().buildCdmParser().parseMessage(data);
 
         // When
         final ProbabilityOfCollision result = method.compute(cdm, combinedHbr);
 
         // Then
         Assertions.assertEquals(expected, result.getValue(), tolerance);
     }
 }