/* Copyright 2002-2026 CS GROUP
    * Licensed to CS GROUP (CS) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * CS licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.orekit.bodies;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
  import java.text.ParseException;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.SortedSet;
  import java.util.TreeSet;
  import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
  
  import org.hipparchus.CalculusFieldElement;
  import org.hipparchus.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldVector3D;
  import org.hipparchus.geometry.euclidean.threed.Vector3D;
  import org.hipparchus.util.FastMath;
  import org.orekit.annotation.DefaultDataContext;
  import org.orekit.data.AbstractSelfFeedingLoader;
  import org.orekit.data.DataContext;
  import org.orekit.data.DataLoader;
  import org.orekit.data.DataProvidersManager;
  import org.orekit.errors.OrekitException;
  import org.orekit.errors.OrekitInternalError;
  import org.orekit.errors.OrekitMessages;
  import org.orekit.errors.TimeStampedCacheException;
  import org.orekit.frames.Frame;
  import org.orekit.time.AbsoluteDate;
  import org.orekit.time.ChronologicalComparator;
  import org.orekit.time.DateComponents;
  import org.orekit.time.FieldAbsoluteDate;
  import org.orekit.time.TimeComponents;
  import org.orekit.time.TimeOffset;
  import org.orekit.time.TimeScale;
  import org.orekit.time.TimeScales;
  import org.orekit.utils.Constants;
  import org.orekit.utils.FieldPVCoordinates;
  import org.orekit.utils.OrekitConfiguration;
  import org.orekit.utils.PVCoordinates;
  import org.orekit.utils.GenericTimeStampedCache;
  import org.orekit.utils.TimeStampedGenerator;
  import org.orekit.utils.units.UnitsConverter;
  
  /** Loader for JPL ephemerides binary files (DE 4xx) and similar formats (INPOP 06/08/10).
   * <p>JPL ephemerides binary files contain ephemerides for all solar system planets.</p>
   * <p>The JPL ephemerides binary files are recognized thanks to their base names,
   * which must match the pattern <code>[lu]nx[mp]####.ddd</code> (or
   * <code>[lu]nx[mp]####.ddd.gz</code> for gzip-compressed files) where # stands for a
   * digit character and where ddd is an ephemeris type (typically 405 or 406).</p>
   * <p>The loader supports files encoded in big-endian as well as in little-endian notation.
   * Usually, big-endian files are named <code>unx[mp]####.ddd</code>, while little-endian files
   * are named <code>lnx[mp]####.ddd</code>.</p>
   * <p>The IMCCE ephemerides binary files are recognized thanks to their base names,
   * which must match the pattern <code>inpop*.dat</code> (or
   * <code>inpop*.dat.gz</code> for gzip-compressed files) where * stands for any string.</p>
   * <p>The loader supports files encoded in big-endian as well as in little-endian notation.
   * Usually, big-endian files contain <code>bigendian</code> in their names, while little-endian files
   * contain <code>littleendian</code> in their names.</p>
   * <p>The loader supports files in TDB or TCB time scales.</p>
   * @author Luc Maisonobe
   */
  public class JPLEphemeridesLoader extends AbstractSelfFeedingLoader
          implements CelestialBodyLoader {
  
      /** Default supported files name pattern for JPL DE files. */
      public static final String DEFAULT_DE_SUPPORTED_NAMES = "^[lu]nx([mp](\\d{4,5}))+\\.(?:4\\d\\d)$";
  
      /** Default supported files name pattern for JPL DE files. */
      public static final String DEFAULT_DE_2021_SUPPORTED_NAMES = "^linux_([mp](\\d{4,5}))+\\.(?:4\\d\\d)$";
  
      /** Default supported files name pattern for IMCCE INPOP files. */
      public static final String DEFAULT_INPOP_SUPPORTED_NAMES = "^inpop.*\\.dat$";
  
      /** 50 days. */
      private static final TimeOffset FIFTY_DAYS =
              new TimeOffset(50, TimeUnit.DAYS);
  
      /** DE number used by INPOP files. */
      private static final int INPOP_DE_NUMBER = 100;
  
      /** Maximal number of constants in headers. */
     private static final int CONSTANTS_MAX_NUMBER           = 400;
 
     /** Offset of the ephemeris type in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_EPHEMERIS_TYPE_OFFSET   = 2840;
 
     /** Offset of the record size (for INPOP files) in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_RECORD_SIZE_OFFSET      = 2856;
 
     /** Offset of the start epoch in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_START_EPOCH_OFFSET      = 2652;
 
     /** Offset of the end epoch in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_END_EPOCH_OFFSET        = 2660;
 
     /** Offset of the astronomical unit in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_ASTRONOMICAL_UNIT_OFFSET = 2680;
 
     /** Offset of the Earth-Moon mass ratio in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_EM_RATIO_OFFSET         = 2688;
 
     /** Offset of Chebishev coefficients indices in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_CHEBISHEV_INDICES_OFFSET = 2696;
 
     /** Offset of libration coefficients indices in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET = 2844;
 
     /** Offset of chunks duration in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_CHUNK_DURATION_OFFSET    = 2668;
 
     /** Offset of the constants names in first header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_CONSTANTS_NAMES_OFFSET  = 252;
 
     /** Offset of the constants values in second header record. */
     private static final int HEADER_CONSTANTS_VALUES_OFFSET = 0;
 
     /** Offset of the range start in the data records. */
     private static final int DATA_START_RANGE_OFFSET        = 0;
 
     /** Offset of the range end in the data records. */
     private static final int DATE_END_RANGE_OFFSET          = 8;
 
     /** The constant name for the astronomical unit. */
     private static final String CONSTANT_AU = "AU";
 
     /** The constant name for the earth-moon mass ratio. */
     private static final String CONSTANT_EMRAT = "EMRAT";
 
     /** List of supported ephemerides types. */
     public enum EphemerisType {
 
         /** Constant for solar system barycenter. */
         SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER,
 
         /** Constant for the Sun. */
         SUN,
 
         /** Constant for Mercury. */
         MERCURY,
 
         /** Constant for Venus. */
         VENUS,
 
         /** Constant for the Earth-Moon barycenter. */
         EARTH_MOON,
 
         /** Constant for the Earth. */
         EARTH,
 
         /** Constant for the Moon. */
         MOON,
 
         /** Constant for Mars. */
         MARS,
 
         /** Constant for Jupiter. */
         JUPITER,
 
         /** Constant for Saturn. */
         SATURN,
 
         /** Constant for Uranus. */
         URANUS,
 
         /** Constant for Neptune. */
         NEPTUNE,
 
         /** Constant for Pluto. */
         PLUTO,
 
         /** Constant for Lunar librations. */
         LIBRATION
 
     }
 
     /** Interface for raw position-velocity retrieval. */
     public interface RawPVProvider {
 
         /** Get the position-velocity at date.
          * @param date date at which the position-velocity is desired
          * @return position-velocity at the specified date
          */
         PVCoordinates getRawPV(AbsoluteDate date);
 
         /** Get the position at date.
          * @param date date at which the position is desired
          * @return position at the specified date
          */
         default Vector3D getRawPosition(final AbsoluteDate date) {
             return getRawPV(date).getPosition();
         }
 
         /** Get the position-velocity at date.
          * @param date date at which the position-velocity is desired
          * @param <T> type of the field elements
          * @return position-velocity at the specified date
          */
         <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldPVCoordinates<T> getRawPV(FieldAbsoluteDate<T> date);
 
         /** Get the position at date.
          * @param date date at which the position is desired
          * @param <T> type of the field elements
          * @return position at the specified date
          */
         default <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> getRawPosition(final FieldAbsoluteDate<T> date) {
             return getRawPV(date).getPosition();
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Ephemeris for selected body. */
     private final GenericTimeStampedCache<PosVelChebyshev> ephemerides;
 
     /** Constants defined in the file. */
     private final AtomicReference<Map<String, Double>> constants;
 
     /** Ephemeris type to generate. */
     private final EphemerisType generateType;
 
     /** Ephemeris type to load. */
     private final EphemerisType loadType;
 
     /** Time scales to use when loading data. */
     private final TimeScales timeScales;
 
     /** The GCRF implementation. */
     private final Frame gcrf;
 
     /** Used to retrieve ICRF and EMB frames for building other bodies. */
     private final CelestialBodies celestialBodies;
 
     /** Current file start epoch. */
     private AbsoluteDate startEpoch;
 
     /** Current file final epoch. */
     private AbsoluteDate finalEpoch;
 
     /** Chunks duration (in seconds). */
     private double maxChunksDuration;
 
     /** Current file chunks duration (in seconds). */
     private TimeOffset chunksDuration;
 
     /** Index of the first data for selected body. */
     private int firstIndex;
 
     /** Number of coefficients for selected body. */
     private int coeffs;
 
     /** Number of chunks for the selected body. */
     private int chunks;
 
     /** Number of components contained in the file. */
     private int components;
 
     /** Unit of the position coordinates (as a multiple of meters). */
     private double positionUnit;
 
     /** Time scale of the date coordinates. */
     private TimeScale timeScale;
 
     /** Indicator for binary file endianness. */
     private boolean bigEndian;
 
     /** Create a loader for JPL ephemerides binary files. This constructor uses the {@link
      * DataContext#getDefault() default data context}.
      *
      * @param supportedNames regular expression for supported files names
      * @param generateType ephemeris type to generate
      * @see #JPLEphemeridesLoader(String, EphemerisType, DataProvidersManager, TimeScales,
      * Frame, CelestialBodies)
      */
     @DefaultDataContext
     public JPLEphemeridesLoader(final String supportedNames, final EphemerisType generateType) {
         this(supportedNames, generateType,
                 DataContext.getDefault().getDataProvidersManager(),
                 DataContext.getDefault().getTimeScales(),
                 DataContext.getDefault().getFrames().getGCRF(),
                 DataContext.getDefault().getCelestialBodies());
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a loader for JPL ephemerides binary files.
      *
      * <p>Requiring {@code celestialBodies} to be passed to this constructor is
      * not a great design when this class is used to load the data for
      * {@code celestialBodies}. But this loader needs to know the ICRF and Earth
      * Moon Barycenter frames used by {@code celestialBodies} to avoid creating
      * duplicate frames, as was done in Orekit 13 and before.
      *
      * @param supportedNames       regular expression for supported files names
      * @param generateType         ephemeris type to generate
      * @param dataProvidersManager provides access to the ephemeris files.
      * @param timeScales           used to access the TCB and TDB time scales
      *                             while loading data.
      * @param gcrf                 Earth centered frame aligned with ICRF.
      * @param celestialBodies      used to load the ICRF and Earth-Moon
      *                             Barycenter frames.
      * @since 14.0
      */
     public JPLEphemeridesLoader(final String supportedNames,
                                 final EphemerisType generateType,
                                 final DataProvidersManager dataProvidersManager,
                                 final TimeScales timeScales,
                                 final Frame gcrf,
                                 final CelestialBodies celestialBodies) {
         super(supportedNames, dataProvidersManager);
 
         this.timeScales = timeScales;
         this.gcrf = gcrf;
         this.celestialBodies = celestialBodies;
         constants = new AtomicReference<>();
 
         this.generateType  = generateType;
         if (generateType == EphemerisType.SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER) {
             loadType = EphemerisType.EARTH_MOON;
         } else if (generateType == EphemerisType.EARTH_MOON) {
             loadType = EphemerisType.MOON;
         } else {
             loadType = generateType;
         }
 
         ephemerides = new GenericTimeStampedCache<>(
                 2, OrekitConfiguration.getCacheSlotsNumber(),
                 Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, FIFTY_DAYS.toDouble(),
                 new EphemerisParser());
         maxChunksDuration = Double.NaN;
         chunksDuration    = null;
 
     }
 
     /** Load celestial body.
      * @param name name of the celestial body
      * @return loaded celestial body
      */
     @Override
     public CelestialBody loadCelestialBody(final String name) {
 
         final double gm       = getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(generateType);
         final IAUPole iauPole = PredefinedIAUPoles
                 .getIAUPole(generateType, timeScales);
         final double scale;
         final Frame definingFrameAlignedWithICRF;
         final RawPVProvider rawPVProvider;
         switch (generateType) {
             case SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER : {
                 scale = -1.0;
                 definingFrameAlignedWithICRF = celestialBodies
                         .getBody(CelestialBodyFactory.EARTH_MOON)
                         .getIcrfAlignedFrame();
                 rawPVProvider = new EphemerisRawPVProvider();
                 break;
             }
             case EARTH_MOON :
                 scale         = 1.0 / (1.0 + getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio());
                 definingFrameAlignedWithICRF = gcrf;
                 rawPVProvider = new EphemerisRawPVProvider();
                 break;
             case EARTH :
                 scale         = 1.0;
                 definingFrameAlignedWithICRF = gcrf;
                 rawPVProvider = new ZeroRawPVProvider();
                 break;
             case MOON :
                 scale         =  1.0;
                 definingFrameAlignedWithICRF = gcrf;
                 rawPVProvider = new EphemerisRawPVProvider();
                 break;
             default : {
                 scale = 1.0;
                 definingFrameAlignedWithICRF = celestialBodies
                         .getBody(CelestialBodyFactory.SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER)
                         .getIcrfAlignedFrame();
                 rawPVProvider = new EphemerisRawPVProvider();
             }
         }
 
         // build the celestial body
         return new JPLCelestialBody(name, getSupportedNames(), generateType, rawPVProvider,
                                     gm, scale, iauPole, definingFrameAlignedWithICRF);
 
     }
 
     /** Load libration.
      * @return loaded libration
      * @since 14.0
      */
     public JPLLibration loadLibration() {
         final RawPVProvider rawPVProvider = new EphemerisRawPVProvider();
 
         // build the libration
         return new JPLLibration(rawPVProvider);
     }
 
     /** Get astronomical unit.
      * @return astronomical unit in meters
      */
     public double getLoadedAstronomicalUnit() {
         return UnitsConverter.KILOMETRES_TO_METRES.convert(getLoadedConstant(CONSTANT_AU));
     }
 
     /** Get Earth/Moon mass ratio.
      * @return Earth/Moon mass ratio
      */
     public double getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio() {
         return getLoadedConstant(CONSTANT_EMRAT);
     }
 
     /** Get the gravitational coefficient of a body.
      * @param body body for which the gravitational coefficient is requested
      * @return gravitational coefficient in m³/s²
      */
     public double getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(final EphemerisType body) {
 
         // coefficient in au³/day²
         final double rawGM;
         switch (body) {
             case SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER :
                 return getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.SUN)        +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.MERCURY)    +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.VENUS)      +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.EARTH_MOON) +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.MARS)       +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.JUPITER)    +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.SATURN)     +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.URANUS)     +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.NEPTUNE)    +
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.PLUTO);
             case SUN :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GMS", "GM_Sun");
                 break;
             case MERCURY :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM1", "GM_Mer");
                 break;
             case VENUS :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM2", "GM_Ven");
                 break;
             case EARTH_MOON :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GMB", "GM_EMB");
                 break;
             case EARTH :
                 return getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio() *
                         getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.MOON);
             case MOON :
                 return getLoadedGravitationalCoefficient(EphemerisType.EARTH_MOON) /
                         (1.0 + getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio());
             case MARS :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM4", "GM_Mar");
                 break;
             case JUPITER :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM5", "GM_Jup");
                 break;
             case SATURN :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM6", "GM_Sat");
                 break;
             case URANUS :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM7", "GM_Ura");
                 break;
             case NEPTUNE :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM8", "GM_Nep");
                 break;
             case PLUTO :
                 rawGM = getLoadedConstant("GM9", "GM_Plu");
                 break;
             default :
                 throw new OrekitInternalError(null);
         }
 
         final double au    = getLoadedAstronomicalUnit();
         return rawGM * au * au * au / (Constants.JULIAN_DAY * Constants.JULIAN_DAY);
 
     }
 
     /** Get a constant defined in the ephemerides headers.
      * <p>Note that since constants are defined in the JPL headers
      * files, they are available as soon as one file is available, even
      * if it doesn't match the desired central date. This is because the
      * header must be parsed before the dates can be checked.</p>
      * <p>
      * There are alternate names for constants since for example JPL names are
      * different from INPOP names (Sun gravity: GMS or GM_Sun, Mars gravity:
      * GM4 or GM_Mar...).
      * </p>
      * @param names alternate names of the constant
      * @return value of the constant of NaN if the constant is not defined
      */
     public double getLoadedConstant(final String... names) {
 
         // lazy loading of constants
         Map<String, Double> map = constants.get();
         if (map == null) {
             final ConstantsParser parser = new ConstantsParser();
             if (!feed(parser)) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NO_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILES_FOUND);
             }
             map = parser.getConstants();
             constants.compareAndSet(null, map);
         }
 
         for (final String name : names) {
             if (map.containsKey(name)) {
                 return map.get(name);
             }
         }
 
         return Double.NaN;
 
     }
 
     /** Get the maximal chunks duration.
      * @return chunks maximal duration in seconds
      */
     public double getMaxChunksDuration() {
         return maxChunksDuration;
     }
 
     /** Parse the first header record.
      * @param record first header record
      * @param name name of the file (or zip entry)
      */
     private void parseFirstHeaderRecord(final byte[] record, final String name) {
 
         // get the ephemerides type
         final int deNum = extractInt(record, HEADER_EPHEMERIS_TYPE_OFFSET);
 
         // as default, 3 polynomial coefficients for the Cartesian coordinates
         // (x, y, z) are contained in the file, positions are in kilometers
         // and times are in TDB
         components   = 3;
         positionUnit = UnitsConverter.KILOMETRES_TO_METRES.convert(1.0);
         timeScale    = timeScales.getTDB();
 
         if (deNum == INPOP_DE_NUMBER) {
             // an INPOP file may contain 6 components (including coefficients for the velocity vector)
             final double format = getLoadedConstant("FORMAT");
             if (!Double.isNaN(format) && (int) FastMath.IEEEremainder(format, 10) != 1) {
                 components = 6;
             }
 
             // INPOP files may have their polynomials expressed in AU
             final double unite = getLoadedConstant("UNITE");
             if (!Double.isNaN(unite) && (int) unite == 0) {
                 positionUnit = getLoadedAstronomicalUnit();
             }
 
             // INPOP files may have their times expressed in TCB
             final double timesc = getLoadedConstant("TIMESC");
             if (!Double.isNaN(timesc) && (int) timesc == 1) {
                 timeScale = timeScales.getTCB();
             }
 
         }
 
         // extract covered date range
         startEpoch = extractDate(record, HEADER_START_EPOCH_OFFSET);
         finalEpoch = extractDate(record, HEADER_END_EPOCH_OFFSET);
         boolean ok = finalEpoch.compareTo(startEpoch) > 0;
 
         if (loadType == EphemerisType.LIBRATION) {
             // indices of the Chebyshev coefficients for lunar librations
             firstIndex = extractInt(record, HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET);
             coeffs     = extractInt(record, HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET + 4);
             chunks     = extractInt(record, HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET + 8);
             ok = ok && firstIndex >= 0 && coeffs >= 0 && chunks >= 0;
             positionUnit = 1.0;
         }
         else {
             // indices of the Chebyshev coefficients for each ephemeris
             for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) {
                 final int row1 = extractInt(record, HEADER_CHEBISHEV_INDICES_OFFSET     + 12 * i);
                 final int row2 = extractInt(record, HEADER_CHEBISHEV_INDICES_OFFSET + 4 + 12 * i);
                 final int row3 = extractInt(record, HEADER_CHEBISHEV_INDICES_OFFSET + 8 + 12 * i);
                 ok = ok && row1 >= 0 && row2 >= 0 && row3 >= 0;
                 if (i ==  0 && loadType == EphemerisType.MERCURY    ||
                         i ==  1 && loadType == EphemerisType.VENUS      ||
                         i ==  2 && loadType == EphemerisType.EARTH_MOON ||
                         i ==  3 && loadType == EphemerisType.MARS       ||
                         i ==  4 && loadType == EphemerisType.JUPITER    ||
                         i ==  5 && loadType == EphemerisType.SATURN     ||
                         i ==  6 && loadType == EphemerisType.URANUS     ||
                         i ==  7 && loadType == EphemerisType.NEPTUNE    ||
                         i ==  8 && loadType == EphemerisType.PLUTO      ||
                         i ==  9 && loadType == EphemerisType.MOON       ||
                         i == 10 && loadType == EphemerisType.SUN) {
                     firstIndex = row1;
                     coeffs     = row2;
                     chunks     = row3;
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // compute chunks duration
         final double timeSpan = extractDouble(record, HEADER_CHUNK_DURATION_OFFSET);
         ok = ok && timeSpan > 0 && timeSpan < 100;
         chunksDuration = new TimeOffset(timeSpan).divide(chunks).multiply(86400L);
         if (Double.isNaN(maxChunksDuration)) {
             maxChunksDuration = chunksDuration.toDouble();
         } else {
             maxChunksDuration = FastMath
                     .max(maxChunksDuration, chunksDuration.toDouble());
         }
 
         // sanity checks
         if (!ok) {
             throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NOT_A_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILE, name);
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Read first header record.
      * @param input input stream
      * @param name name of the file (or zip entry)
      * @return record record where to put bytes
      * @exception IOException if a read error occurs
      */
     private byte[] readFirstRecord(final InputStream input, final String name)
         throws IOException {
 
         // read first part of record, up to the ephemeris type
         final byte[] firstPart = new byte[HEADER_RECORD_SIZE_OFFSET + 4];
         if (!readInRecord(input, firstPart, 0)) {
             throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.UNABLE_TO_READ_JPL_HEADER, name);
         }
 
         // detect the endian format
         detectEndianess(firstPart);
 
         // get the ephemerides type
         final int deNum = extractInt(firstPart, HEADER_EPHEMERIS_TYPE_OFFSET);
 
         // the record size for this file
         final int recordSize;
 
         if (deNum == INPOP_DE_NUMBER) {
             // INPOP files have an extended DE format, which includes also the record size
             recordSize = extractInt(firstPart, HEADER_RECORD_SIZE_OFFSET) << 3;
         } else {
             // compute the record size for original JPL files
             recordSize = computeRecordSize(firstPart, name);
         }
 
         if (recordSize <= 0) {
             throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.UNABLE_TO_READ_JPL_HEADER, name);
         }
 
         // build a record with the proper size and finish read of the first complete record
         final int start = firstPart.length;
         final byte[] record = new byte[recordSize];
         System.arraycopy(firstPart, 0, record, 0, firstPart.length);
         if (!readInRecord(input, record, start)) {
             throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.UNABLE_TO_READ_JPL_HEADER, name);
         }
 
         return record;
 
     }
 
     /** Parse constants from first two header records.
      * @param first first header record
      * @param second second header record
      * @return map of parsed constants
      */
     private Map<String, Double> parseConstants(final byte[] first, final byte[] second) {
 
         final Map<String, Double> map = new HashMap<>();
 
         for (int i = 0; i < CONSTANTS_MAX_NUMBER; ++i) {
             // Note: for extracting the strings from the binary file, it makes no difference
             //       if the file is stored in big-endian or little-endian notation
             final String constantName = extractString(first, HEADER_CONSTANTS_NAMES_OFFSET + i * 6, 6);
             if (constantName.length() == 0) {
                 // no more constants to read
                 break;
             }
             final double constantValue = extractDouble(second, HEADER_CONSTANTS_VALUES_OFFSET + 8 * i);
             map.put(constantName, constantValue);
         }
 
         // INPOP files do not have constants for AU and EMRAT, thus extract them from
         // the header record and create a constant for them to be consistent with JPL files
         if (!map.containsKey(CONSTANT_AU)) {
             map.put(CONSTANT_AU, extractDouble(first, HEADER_ASTRONOMICAL_UNIT_OFFSET));
         }
 
         if (!map.containsKey(CONSTANT_EMRAT)) {
             map.put(CONSTANT_EMRAT, extractDouble(first, HEADER_EM_RATIO_OFFSET));
         }
 
         return map;
 
     }
 
     /** Read bytes into the current record array.
      * @param input input stream
      * @param record record where to put bytes
      * @param start start index where to put bytes
      * @return true if record has been filled up
      * @exception IOException if a read error occurs
      */
     private boolean readInRecord(final InputStream input, final byte[] record, final int start)
         throws IOException {
         int index = start;
         while (index != record.length) {
             final int n = input.read(record, index, record.length - index);
             if (n < 0) {
                 return false;
             }
             index += n;
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /** Detect whether the JPL ephemerides file is stored in big-endian or
      * little-endian notation.
      * @param record the array containing the binary JPL header
      */
     private void detectEndianess(final byte[] record) {
 
         // default to big-endian
         bigEndian = true;
 
         // first try to read the DE number in big-endian format
         // the number is stored as unsigned int, so we have to convert it properly
         final long deNum = extractInt(record, HEADER_EPHEMERIS_TYPE_OFFSET) & 0xffffffffL;
 
         // simple heuristic: if the read value is larger than half the range of an integer
         //                   assume the file is in little-endian format
         if (deNum > (1 << 15)) {
             bigEndian = false;
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Calculate the record size of a JPL ephemerides file.
      * @param record the byte array containing the header record
      * @param name the name of the data file
      * @return the record size for this file
      */
     private int computeRecordSize(final byte[] record, final String name) {
 
         int recordSize = 0;
         boolean ok = true;
         // JPL files always have 3 position components
         final int nComp = 3;
 
         // iterate over the coefficient ptr array and sum up the record size
         // the coeffPtr array has the dimensions [12][nComp]
         for (int j = 0; j < 12; j++) {
             final int nCompCur = (j == 11) ? 2 : nComp;
 
             // Note: the array element coeffPtr[j][0] is not needed for the calculation
             final int idx = HEADER_CHEBISHEV_INDICES_OFFSET + j * nComp * 4;
             final int coeffPtr1 = extractInt(record, idx + 4);
             final int coeffPtr2 = extractInt(record, idx + 8);
 
             // sanity checks
             ok = ok && (coeffPtr1 >= 0 || coeffPtr2 >= 0);
 
             recordSize += coeffPtr1 * coeffPtr2 * nCompCur;
         }
 
         // the libration ptr array has the dimension [3]
         // Note: the array element libratPtr[0] is not needed for the calculation
         final int libratPtr1 = extractInt(record, HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET + 4);
         final int libratPtr2 = extractInt(record, HEADER_LIBRATION_INDICES_OFFSET + 8);
 
         // sanity checks
         ok = ok && (libratPtr1 >= 0 || libratPtr2 >= 0);
 
         recordSize += libratPtr1 * libratPtr2 * nComp + 2;
         recordSize <<= 3;
 
         if (!ok || recordSize <= 0) {
             throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NOT_A_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILE, name);
         }
 
         return recordSize;
 
     }
 
     /** Extract a date from a record.
      * @param record record to parse
      * @param offset offset of the double within the record
      * @return extracted date
      */
     private AbsoluteDate extractDate(final byte[] record, final int offset) {
 
         final double t = extractDouble(record, offset);
         int    jDay    = (int) FastMath.floor(t);
         double seconds = (t + 0.5 - jDay) * Constants.JULIAN_DAY;
         if (seconds >= Constants.JULIAN_DAY) {
             ++jDay;
             seconds -= Constants.JULIAN_DAY;
         }
         return new AbsoluteDate(new DateComponents(DateComponents.JULIAN_EPOCH, jDay),
                                 new TimeComponents(seconds), timeScale);
     }
 
     /** Extract a double from a record.
      * <p>Double numbers are stored according to IEEE 754 standard, with
      * most significant byte first.</p>
      * @param record record to parse
      * @param offset offset of the double within the record
      * @return extracted double
      */
     private double extractDouble(final byte[] record, final int offset) {
         final long l8 = ((long) record[offset + 0]) & 0xffl;
         final long l7 = ((long) record[offset + 1]) & 0xffl;
         final long l6 = ((long) record[offset + 2]) & 0xffl;
         final long l5 = ((long) record[offset + 3]) & 0xffl;
         final long l4 = ((long) record[offset + 4]) & 0xffl;
         final long l3 = ((long) record[offset + 5]) & 0xffl;
         final long l2 = ((long) record[offset + 6]) & 0xffl;
         final long l1 = ((long) record[offset + 7]) & 0xffl;
         final long l;
         if (bigEndian) {
             l = (l8 << 56) | (l7 << 48) | (l6 << 40) | (l5 << 32) |
                 (l4 << 24) | (l3 << 16) | (l2 <<  8) | l1;
         } else {
             l = (l1 << 56) | (l2 << 48) | (l3 << 40) | (l4 << 32) |
                 (l5 << 24) | (l6 << 16) | (l7 <<  8) | l8;
         }
         return Double.longBitsToDouble(l);
     }
 
     /** Extract an int from a record.
      * @param record record to parse
      * @param offset offset of the double within the record
      * @return extracted int
      */
     private int extractInt(final byte[] record, final int offset) {
         final int l4 = ((int) record[offset + 0]) & 0xff;
         final int l3 = ((int) record[offset + 1]) & 0xff;
         final int l2 = ((int) record[offset + 2]) & 0xff;
         final int l1 = ((int) record[offset + 3]) & 0xff;
 
         if (bigEndian) {
             return (l4 << 24) | (l3 << 16) | (l2 <<  8) | l1;
         } else {
             return (l1 << 24) | (l2 << 16) | (l3 <<  8) | l4;
         }
     }
 
     /** Extract a String from a record.
      * @param record record to parse
      * @param offset offset of the string within the record
      * @param length maximal length of the string
      * @return extracted string, with whitespace characters stripped
      */
     private String extractString(final byte[] record, final int offset, final int length) {
         return new String(record, offset, length, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII).trim();
     }
 
     /** Local parser for header constants. */
     private class ConstantsParser implements DataLoader {
 
         /** Local constants map. */
         private Map<String, Double> localConstants;
 
        /** Get the local constants map.
          * @return local constants map
          */
         public Map<String, Double> getConstants() {
             return localConstants;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public boolean stillAcceptsData() {
             return localConstants == null;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public void loadData(final InputStream input, final String name)
             throws IOException, ParseException, OrekitException {
 
             // read first header record
             final byte[] first = readFirstRecord(input, name);
 
             // the second record contains the values of the constants used for least-square filtering
             final byte[] second = new byte[first.length];
             if (!readInRecord(input, second, 0)) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.UNABLE_TO_READ_JPL_HEADER, name);
             }
 
             localConstants = parseConstants(first, second);
 
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Local parser for Chebyshev polynomials. */
     private class EphemerisParser implements DataLoader, TimeStampedGenerator<PosVelChebyshev> {
 
         /** Set of Chebyshev polynomials read. */
         private final SortedSet<PosVelChebyshev> entries;
 
         /** Start of range we are interested in. */
         private AbsoluteDate start;
 
         /** End of range we are interested in. */
         private AbsoluteDate end;
 
         /** Simple constructor.
          */
         EphemerisParser() {
             entries = new TreeSet<>(new ChronologicalComparator());
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public List<PosVelChebyshev> generate(final AbsoluteDate existingDate, final AbsoluteDate date) {
             try {
 
                 // prepare reading
                 entries.clear();
                 if (existingDate == null) {
                     // we want ephemeris data for the first time, set up an arbitrary first range
                     start = date.shiftedBy(FIFTY_DAYS.negate());
                     end   = date.shiftedBy(FIFTY_DAYS);
                 } else if (existingDate.compareTo(date) <= 0) {
                     // we want to extend an existing range towards future dates
                     start = existingDate;
                     end   = date;
                 } else {
                     // we want to extend an existing range towards past dates
                     start = date;
                     end   = existingDate;
                 }
 
                 // get new entries in the specified data range
                 if (!feed(this)) {
                     throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NO_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILES_FOUND);
                 }
 
                 return new ArrayList<>(entries);
 
             } catch (OrekitException oe) {
                 throw new TimeStampedCacheException(oe);
             }
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public boolean stillAcceptsData() {
 
             // special case for Earth: we do not really load any ephemeris data
             if (generateType == EphemerisType.EARTH) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             // we have to look for data in all available ephemerides files as there may be
             // data overlaps that result in incomplete data
             if (entries.isEmpty()) {
                 return true;
             } else {
                 // if the requested range is already filled, we do not need to look further
                 return !(entries.getFirst().getDate().compareTo(start) < 0 &&
                          entries.getLast().getDate().compareTo(end)    > 0);
             }
 
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public void loadData(final InputStream input, final String name)
             throws IOException {
 
             // read first header record
             final byte[] first = readFirstRecord(input, name);
 
             // the second record contains the values of the constants used for least-square filtering
             final byte[] second = new byte[first.length];
             if (!readInRecord(input, second, 0)) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.UNABLE_TO_READ_JPL_HEADER, name);
             }
 
             if (constants.get() == null) {
                 constants.compareAndSet(null, parseConstants(first, second));
             }
 
             // check astronomical unit consistency
             final double au = 1000 * extractDouble(first, HEADER_ASTRONOMICAL_UNIT_OFFSET);
             if (au < 1.4e11 || au > 1.6e11) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NOT_A_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILE, name);
             }
             if (FastMath.abs(getLoadedAstronomicalUnit() - au) >= 10.0) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.INCONSISTENT_ASTRONOMICAL_UNIT_IN_FILES,
                                           getLoadedAstronomicalUnit(), au);
             }
 
             // check Earth-Moon mass ratio consistency
             final double emRat = extractDouble(first, HEADER_EM_RATIO_OFFSET);
             if (emRat < 80 || emRat > 82) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.NOT_A_JPL_EPHEMERIDES_BINARY_FILE, name);
             }
             if (FastMath.abs(getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio() - emRat) >= 1.0e-5) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.INCONSISTENT_EARTH_MOON_RATIO_IN_FILES,
                                           getLoadedEarthMoonMassRatio(), emRat);
             }
 
             // parse first header record
             parseFirstHeaderRecord(first, name);
 
             if (startEpoch.compareTo(end) < 0 && finalEpoch.compareTo(start) > 0) {
                 // this file contains data in the range we are looking for, read it
                 final byte[] record = new byte[first.length];
                 while (readInRecord(input, record, 0)) {
                     final AbsoluteDate rangeStart = parseDataRecord(record);
                     if (rangeStart.compareTo(end) > 0) {
                         // we have already exceeded the range we were interested in,
                         // we interrupt parsing here
                         return;
                     }
                 }
             }
 
         }
 
         /** Parse regular ephemeris record.
          * @param record record to parse
          * @return date of the last parsed chunk
          */
         private AbsoluteDate parseDataRecord(final byte[] record) {
 
             // extract time range covered by the record
             final AbsoluteDate rangeStart = extractDate(record, DATA_START_RANGE_OFFSET);
             if (rangeStart.compareTo(startEpoch) < 0) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.OUT_OF_RANGE_EPHEMERIDES_DATE_BEFORE,
                         rangeStart, startEpoch, finalEpoch, startEpoch.durationFrom(rangeStart));
             }
 
             final AbsoluteDate rangeEnd   = extractDate(record, DATE_END_RANGE_OFFSET);
             if (rangeEnd.compareTo(finalEpoch) > 0) {
                 throw new OrekitException(OrekitMessages.OUT_OF_RANGE_EPHEMERIDES_DATE_AFTER,
                         rangeEnd, startEpoch, finalEpoch, rangeEnd.durationFrom(finalEpoch));
             }
 
             if (rangeStart.compareTo(end) > 0 || rangeEnd.compareTo(start) < 0) {
                 // we are not interested in this record, don't parse it
                 return rangeEnd;
             }
 
             // loop over chunks inside the time range
             AbsoluteDate chunkEnd = rangeStart;
             final int nbChunks    = chunks;
             final int nbCoeffs    = coeffs;
             final int first       = firstIndex;
             final TimeOffset duration = chunksDuration;
             for (int i = 0; i < nbChunks; ++i) {
 
                 // set up chunk validity range
                 final AbsoluteDate chunkStart = chunkEnd;
                 if (i == nbChunks - 1) {
                     chunkEnd = rangeEnd;
                 } else {
                     chunkEnd = new AbsoluteDate(
                             rangeStart,
                             duration.multiply(i + 1),
                             timeScale);
                 }
 
                 // extract Chebyshev coefficients for the selected body
                 // and convert them from kilometers to meters
                 final double[] xCoeffs = new double[nbCoeffs];
                 final double[] yCoeffs = new double[nbCoeffs];
                 final double[] zCoeffs = new double[nbCoeffs];
 
                 for (int k = 0; k < nbCoeffs; ++k) {
                     // by now, only use the position components
                     // if there are also velocity components contained in the file, ignore them
                     final int index = first + components * i * nbCoeffs + k - 1;
                     xCoeffs[k] = positionUnit * extractDouble(record, 8 * index);
                     yCoeffs[k] = positionUnit * extractDouble(record, 8 * (index +  nbCoeffs));
                     zCoeffs[k] = positionUnit * extractDouble(record, 8 * (index + 2 * nbCoeffs));
                 }
 
                 // build the position-velocity model for current chunk
                 entries.add(new PosVelChebyshev(chunkStart, timeScale,
                         duration.toDouble(), xCoeffs, yCoeffs, zCoeffs));
 
             }
 
             return rangeStart;
 
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Raw position-velocity provider using ephemeris. */
     private class EphemerisRawPVProvider implements RawPVProvider {
 
 
         /** Retrieve correct Chebyshev polynomial for given date.
          * @param date date
          * @return PosVelChebyshev Chebyshev polynomial class for position-velocity-acceleration
          */
         private PosVelChebyshev getChebyshev(final AbsoluteDate date) {
             PosVelChebyshev chebyshev;
             try {
                 chebyshev = ephemerides.getNeighbors(date).findFirst().get();
             } catch (TimeStampedCacheException tce) {
                 // we cannot bracket the date, check if the last available chunk covers the specified date
                 chebyshev = ephemerides.getLatest();
                 if (!chebyshev.inRange(date)) {
                     // we were not able to recover from the error, the date is too far
                     throw tce;
                 }
             }
             return chebyshev;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public PVCoordinates getRawPV(final AbsoluteDate date) {
 
             // get raw PV from Chebyshev polynomials
             final PosVelChebyshev chebyshev = getChebyshev(date);
 
             // evaluate the Chebyshev polynomials
             return chebyshev.getPositionVelocityAcceleration(date);
 
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldPVCoordinates<T> getRawPV(final FieldAbsoluteDate<T> date) {
 
             // get raw PV from Chebyshev polynomials
             final PosVelChebyshev chebyshev = getChebyshev(date.toAbsoluteDate());
 
             // evaluate the Chebyshev polynomials
             return chebyshev.getPositionVelocityAcceleration(date);
 
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public Vector3D getRawPosition(final AbsoluteDate date) {
             // get raw PV from Chebyshev polynomials
             final PosVelChebyshev chebyshev = getChebyshev(date);
 
             // evaluate the Chebyshev polynomials
             return chebyshev.getPosition(date);
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> getRawPosition(final FieldAbsoluteDate<T> date) {
             // get raw PV from Chebyshev polynomials
             final PosVelChebyshev chebyshev = getChebyshev(date.toAbsoluteDate());
 
             // evaluate the Chebyshev polynomials
             return chebyshev.getPosition(date);
         }
 
     }
 
     /** Raw position-velocity provider providing always zero. */
     static class ZeroRawPVProvider implements RawPVProvider {
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public PVCoordinates getRawPV(final AbsoluteDate date) {
             return PVCoordinates.ZERO;
         }
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         public <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldPVCoordinates<T> getRawPV(final FieldAbsoluteDate<T> date) {
             return FieldPVCoordinates.getZero(date.getField());
         }
 
     }
 
 }